Ejercer sin diploma, batallar por la licencia: encrucijadas en la historia de la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia / Practicing without a diploma, battling for a license: crossroads in the history of the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia

Resumen Este artículo estudia la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Esta historia no puede comprenderse en todas sus dimensiones si se dejan de lado las tensiones entre los practicantes con diploma y los sin diploma. Como resultado de estas tensiones, los odontólogos ganaron autonomía profesional. Analizamos solicitudes de licencia para ejercer sin título profesional, entre ellas las de algunas mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran la transmisión de conocimientos por fuera de la enseñanza formal, el ejercicio sin título y sin restricciones por parte de un gran número de odontólogos "permitidos" que se enfrentaron a una pesada y centralizada burocracia diplomada.

Abstract This paper addresses the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia during the first half of the twentieth century. To fully comprehend such a process, we must consider the tensions between the practice of non-certified and certified dentistry. As an outcome of such tensions, dentists began to acquire professional autonomy. We analyze applications for license files to practice dentistry without a degree, some of which were of women. The findings show the informal transfer of knowledge outside formal apprenticeship and the unrestricted practice of dentistry by many non-professionals but "permitted" dentists who faced a centralized and powerful professional bureaucracy.

Estudiar la cultura material de la educación científica en la Argentina: mercado de consumo, circulación transnacional, prácticas educativas y apropiación local / Studying the material culture of science education in Argentina: consumer market, transnational circulation, educational practices, and local appropriation

Resumen El artículo tiene por objetivo dar a conocer parte de un proceso de investigación sobre la cultura material de la enseñanza científica, en particular de las ciencias naturales, en la Argentina, entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. A través de algunas herramientas metodológicas que resultaron útiles para manejar las diversas fuentes, como la perspectiva biográfica de la vida cultural de los objetos, la noción de circulación de conocimientos e instrumentos científicos, se analiza el complejo entramado de relaciones entre los artefactos, los saberes y las prácticas científico-educativas locales. En este artículo se exponen algunos indicadores y ejemplos de los materiales científicos estudiados.

Abstract The article presents part of a research process on the material culture of science education, particularly natural sciences, in Argentina, between the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. We used some methodological tools that were useful to manage the various sources, such as the biographical perspective of the cultural life of objects, the notion of circulation of knowledge and scientific instruments, the complex network of relationships between artifacts, knowledge, and local scientific-educational practices. This article shows some indicators and examples of the scientific materials studied.

Mujeres e higiene industrial en el México posrevolucionario: el informe de Juan de Beraza sobre "La Perfeccionada" (25 de octubre, 1919) / Women and industrial hygiene in post-revolutionary Mexico: Juan de Beraza's report on "La Perfeccionada" (October 25, 1919)

Resumen En octubre de 1919, en medio de la construcción de las instituciones posrevolucionarias de protección de la salud en México, Juan de Beraza, oficial ayudante de la Secretaria de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo, redactó un documento sobre las condiciones de 479 obreras de una fábrica de la capital. El informe presentó un resumen de los problemas de higiene y de acoso sexual que las mujeres experimentaron en los espacios laborales. El documento ofrece información relevante para la historia de las mujeres dentro del "mundo del trabajo" en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Se publica una transcripción del informe precedida de una presentación del mismo.

Abstract In October 1919, during the construction of post-revolutionary health protection institutions in Mexico, Juan de Beraza, an office assistant to the Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor, wrote a document about the conditions of 479 women workers in a factory in the capital. The report had a summary of hygiene and sexual harassment problems that women experienced in their workplaces. The document offers relevant information about the history of women in the "world of work" in the first decades of the twentieth century. A transcript of the report is published, preceded by a presentation of the report.

El mundo tuberculoso de Maxence Van der Meersch / The tuberculous world of Maxence Van der Meersch

Resumen Maxence Van der Meersch (1907-1951) fue un escritor francés cuyas novelas exponían las desigualdades sociales de la época. Entre ellas se destacan las asociadas con la tuberculosis, enfermedad frecuente, que aquejó a miembros de su familia y causó la muerte del autor. Las narraciones refieren las formas de presentación del mal, los métodos de diagnóstico, las actitudes de los pacientes y de su entorno, cómo afectaba a su situación laboral, los medios de subsistencia familiar y los recursos y complicaciones de los tratamientos. Al desarrollarse el argumento durante la llamada "era sanatorial de la tuberculosis" se retrata el acaecer en un sanatorio público. Se destaca la similitud de sucesos de la vida real del escritor y su esposa con los que se describen en parejas imaginadas en las novelas. El éxito de Van der Meersch fue opacado en sus últimos años por el agravamiento de su enfermedad y por críticas formuladas a algunos escritos. Resaltan las del cuerpo médico de esos años, que objetaron la crudeza del lenguaje, la inexactitud en la descripción de técnicas y, principalmente, por promover un objetado régimen antituberculoso.

Abstract Maxence Van der Meersch (1907-1951) was a French writer whose novels encompassed social inequities of the time. Among them, those related to tuberculosis are of special interest. This was a common disease that affected his family members and ultimately caused his death. In his narrations, the author refers to the various signs of the illness, the diagnostic methods, the patients' behaviour, their environment, how it affected their employment situation, the economic difficulties, treatment resources and complications. As the novels' plots are developed throughout the so called "sanatorial age of tuberculosis", the author describes the events occurring in a public sanatorium. The similitude among the situations lived by the writer and his wife, and those of the imaginary couples in the novels are highlighted. During his last years, Van der Meersch's success declined due to the complications of his illness, and because of the harsh criticism towards some of his writings. Particularly, the critiques posed by the medical professionals of the time, who rejected the raw language, inaccurate technical descriptions, and, above all, the promotion of an objected anti-tuberculosis regime.

Tribute to Theodor Kocher: Far Beyond an Anatomical Reference

We know Kocher's name as an anatomical reference in neurosurgery. In fact, Theodor Kocher was a Swiss general surgeon, and his contributions were such that Kocher was honored in 1909 with the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, and he was the first surgeon to receive this honor. Kocher participated in the initial scientific phase of medicine, livingwith names that are in history, as well as him; Langenbeck and Virchow, Lucke, Billroth, Horsley, Lister, Halstedt, Pasteur, Osler, Lawson Tait, Verneuil, and a long list and other icons of the time. The present account rescues the many important facets and contributions of the Swiss surgeonTheodor Kocher, and his relationship with several of them. Kocher's memory, surgical instruments and literary production are preserved in a small wing of the University of Bern. The present article highlights how intense Kocher's dedication to the medical field was.

The role of the World Health Organization country programs in the development of virology in Spain, 1951-1975 / El papel desempeñado por los programas país de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el desarrollo de la virología en España, 1951-1975

Abstract Within the framework of recent historiography about the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in modernizing public health and the multifaceted concept of global health, this study addresses the impact of the WHO's "country programs" in Spain from the time it was admitted to this organization in 1951 to 1975. This research adopts a transnational historical perspective and emphasizes attention to the circulation of health knowledge, practices, and people, and focuses on the Spain-0001 and Spain-0025programs, their role in the development of virology in Spain, and the transformation of public health. Sources include historical archives (WHO, the Spanish National Health School), various WHO publications, the contemporary medical press, and a selection of the Spanish general press.

Resumen En el marco de la reciente historiografía sobre el papel de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en la modernización de la salud pública y el concepto multifacético de salud global, se estudia el papel de los llamados "programas país" de la OMS en España desde su admisión en 1951 hasta 1975. Adoptando perspectiva histórica transnacional y enfatizando el estudio de la circulación de personas, conocimientos y prácticas científico-sanitarias, nuestro análisis se centra en los programas España-0001 y España-0025, en evaluar su papel en el desarrollo de la virología en España y en la transformación de la salud pública. Nuestras fuentes vienen de archivos históricos (OMS, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad), publicaciones de la OMS, revistas médicas contemporáneas, y una selección de prensa general española.

El " específico homeopático ": legitimación comercial de la homeopatía en Barcelona (1902-1910) / The " homeopathic specific: " commercial legitimization of homeopathy in Barcelona (1902-1910)

Resumen El cambio en la posición que ocupaban los remedios homeopáticos en el mercado de la salud, derivado del emergente paradigma farmacológico, fue clave en la popularización de la homeopatía en España. La introducción de los específicos y sus técnicas de publicidad originó un aumento en la legitimación popular de la homeopatía y encontró en las pugnas entre diferentes profesionales un terreno abonado para la divulgación y la promoción de esta doctrina. El artículo analiza un caso de estudio contextualizado en Barcelona a principios del siglo XX, aproximándose desde diferentes perspectivas al nuevo rol del farmacéutico y el medicamento como divulgadores de la homeopatía y centrándose en las estrategias de la popularización de los remedios homeopáticos en España.

Abstract The change in position of homeopathic remedies in the health market produced by the emerging pharmacological paradigm was key to the popularization of homeopathy in Spain. The introduction of specifics and their marketing strategies led to a rise in popular legitimization of homeopathy, and the battles between different professionals created fertile ground for explaining and promoting this doctrine. This article analyzes a contextualized case in Barcelona in the early twentieth century, and explores from different perspectives the new role of pharmacists and medications in spreading homeopathy, centering on strategies for popularizing homeopathic remedies in Spain.

Pediatría y cultura de viaje: los pensionados españoles y la apropiación del laboratorio en la periferia, 1907-1939 / Pediatrics and travel culture: Spanish travel award-holders and the appropriation of laboratories on the periphery, 1907-1939

Resumen Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el laboratorio jugó un papel importante en la autonomía disciplinar de la pediatría, este artículo estudia la influencia del viaje científico en la apropiación de nuevas metodologías por parte de los pediatras y puericultores españoles del primer tercio del siglo XX. Para ello, se analizan las pensiones concedidas a tal efecto por la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas. Se describe la geografía científica creada por el programa y se profundiza en el papel de los mentores - especialmente de Gustavo Pittaluga (1876-1956) - en este proceso. Además de un estudio prosopográfico del grupo, se presentan tres casos que demuestran la importancia del programa en el encuentro de la pediatría con la bacteriología, la anatomía patológica y la bioquímica.

Abstract Starting from the hypothesis that laboratories played an important role in pediatrics becoming an autonomous discipline, this article studies the influence of scientific travel on the appropriation of new methodologies by Spanish pediatricians and child-care experts in the first third of the twentieth century. To do so, it analyzes the travel awards granted by the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas. It describes the scientific geography created by the program and takes an in-depth look at the role of mentors - especially Gustavo Pittaluga (1876-1956) - in this process. In addition to a prosopographical study of the group, it presents three cases that demonstrate the importance of the program in bringing pediatrics into contact with bacteriology, pathological anatomy and biochemistry.

La hora cero de la eugenesia en la Argentina: disputas e ideologías en el surgimiento de un campo científico, 1916-1932 / Zero hour of eugenics in Argentina: disputes and ideologies surrounding the emergence of a scientific field, 1916-1932

Resumen En la década de 1930 y los años que precedieron al desenlace de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la sentencia del conde Keyserling "la hora actual es la hora de la eugenesia" enarboló ideas y prácticas que Nancy Stepan vio compartidas por distintos países latinoamericanos. Nos detendremos en los prolegómenos de esa etapa que constituyen una suerte de hora cero que la eugenesia vivió en Argentina al iniciar en la década de 1910 su institucionalización y conformar un nuevo campo científico. Es un período signado por las tensiones intra e interdisciplinarias, la lucha por el monopolio de la autoridad científica y los diálogos entre ideología y poder, donde se inscribe una eugenesia de rasgos viscosos, cuya polifonía inicial perdurará hasta 1932.

Abstract From the 1930s until the end of the Second World War, Count Keyserling's statement that "the hour of eugenics is at hand" was used to champion ideas and practices that Nancy Stepan argues were shared by different Latin American countries. We focus on the period prior to that, a sort of zero hour of eugenics in Argentina, which began institutionalizing in 1910 and emerged as a new scientific field. This period was marked by intra- and interdisciplinary tensions, a struggle to monopolize scientific authority, and dialogues between ideology and power in which a viscous type of eugenics was inscribed, whose initial polyphony lasted until 1932.

La eugenesia tardía en Argentina y su estereotipo de familia, segunda mitad del siglo XX / Late eugenics in Argentina and its family stereotype, second half of the twentieth century

Resumen Este artículo se ocupa de delinear las características principales del estereotipo de familia promovido por la institución emblemática del eugenismo argentino, la Sociedad Argentina de Eugenesia, organización que, nacida en 1945, pervivió en el país hasta la década de 1970. Se exploran aquí las conductas esperables tanto del hombre/marido como de la mujer/esposa; develándose los principales comportamientos requeridos para constituir esa familia ideal, organizada en torno a patrones sustentados en una pretendida moral sexual de sesgo eminentemente confesional.

Abstract This article seeks to outline the main features of the stereotype of family promoted by the emblematic institution of the Argentine eugenics movement, the Argentine Eugenics Society (Sociedad Argentina de Eugenesia), an organization founded in 1945 that remained active in the country until the 1970s. It explores the conduct expected both of the man/husband and of the woman/wife, and shows the principal behaviors required to constitute the ideal family, the outlines of which were based on set of sexual moral with an eminently religious bias.

El tratamiento de la locura entre los siglos XIX y XX: los discursos sobre la cura en la medicina mental española, 1890-1917 / The treatment of madness in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: discourses about curability in Spanish mental health care, 1890-1917

Resumen En el trabajo se estudian los discursos sobre la cura que elaboraron los médicos mentalistas españoles en la transición del siglo XIX al XX. Si en las décadas de los años 1870 y 1880 el discurso preponderante promulgado por los médicos pertenecientes a instituciones privadas era extremadamente optimista, posteriormente cambió y se orientó hacia un mayor pesimismo terapéutico. Sin embargo, dadas las necesidades profesionales de los frenópatas, siguieron mostrando una confianza más o menos firme hacia las capacidades terapéuticas de la psiquiatría. La recepción de las nuevas nosologías, como la de Kraepelin, estuvo condicionada, en parte, por la actitud hacia la cura de los médicos mentalistas de la época y fue aceptada de forma ambivalente.

Abstract This article studies the discourses about curability constructed by Spanish mental health practitioners in the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. While in the 1870s and 1880s the predominant discourse promoted by doctors attached to private institutions was extremely optimistic, it subsequently changed and became more pessimistic regarding treatment outcomes. However, given phrenopathists’ professional needs, they continued to profess more or less unshakeable confidence in the therapeutic abilities of psychiatry. The reception of new nosologies, such as Kraepelin’s, depended in part on contemporary mental health practitioners’ stance on curability and was accompanied by ambivalence.

Historiografia brasileira e meio ambiente: as contribuições de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e o debate contemporâneo da história ambiental / Brazilian historiography and the environment: contributions by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and the contemporary environmental history debate

Resumo Ao longo da segunda metade do século XX, o debate historiográfico brasileiro foi profundamente marcado por Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. Na primeira década do século XXI, os problemas da identidade nacional, da ocupação do território, da organização social do Brasil e suas matrizes civilizacionais, dos limites e trocas culturais em terras interiores, das percepções e formas de apropriação da natureza, entre outros temas do autor, ainda ecoam nos estudos históricos contemporâneos. O artigo discute as contribuições das suas principais obras para a história ambiental, sobretudo as interpretações das interferências cruzadas entre sociedades humanas e o meio natural. O papel da natureza, suas metáforas, ideias ou imagens são os vestígios de uma história da historiografia brasileira.

Abstract Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, Brazilian historigraphical debate was profoundly marked by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. The problems of national identity, the occupation of the land, the social organization of Brazil and its civilizatory roots, the cultural exchanges and boundaries in inland parts, the perceptions and forms of appropriation of nature, and other topics covered by the author still echo in contemporary historical research. This article discusses how his main works contribute to environmental history, especially his interpretations of how human societies and the natural environment have affected one another. The role of nature, its metaphors, ideas, or images are the evidence of a history of Brazilian historiography.

Da Belle époque à cidade do vício: o combate à sífilis em Belém do Pará, 1921-1924 / From the Belle Époque to the city of vice: the fight against syphilis in Belém, Pará, 1921-1924

O artigo analisa o combate à sífilis em Belém do Pará entre 1921 e 1924. A partir da fundação do Instituto de Profilaxia e Doenças Venéreas, administrado pelo médico Heraclídes de Souza Araújo, muitas restrições foram feitas à prática do meretrício, visando transformar as prostitutas em aliadas da política de higienização da cidade. A documentação produzida pelo Instituto de Profilaxia, bem como jornais da época, revela os vários embates que ocorreram entre médicos, polícia civil e meretrizes, destacando as atitudes destas contra a intervenção do Estado em seu ofício.

This article analyzes the fight against syphilis in Belém, capital of the Brazilian state of Pará, between 1921 and 1924. When Instituto de Profilaxia e Doenças Venéreas (Institute for Prophylaxis and Venereal Diseases) was founded, headed by Dr. Heraclídes de Souza Araújo, many restrictions were imposed on prostitution in a bid to make prostitutes partners in the city’s sanitation reform. The documents produced by the institute and published in newspapers of the day reveal the various clashes that occurred between doctors, the civil police force, and prostitutes, highlighting the prostitutes’ attitudes to state intervention in their activities.

Retórica de la cuantificación: tuberculosis, estadística y mundo laboral en Colombia, 1916-1946 / Rhetoric of quantification: tuberculosis, statistics and the labor world in Colombia, 1916-1946

Este artículo examina los usos de estadísticas de tuberculosis en discursos médicos colombianos, la distancia entre éstos y las cifras publicadas oficialmente, así como la relación de la dinámica de lo cuantitativo con la campaña antituberculosa y con la objetivación de la tuberculosis en el mundo laboral en Colombia, en el periodo que va desde el inicio de la campaña (1916) al momento en que la tuberculosis entra en la lista de las enfermedades profesionales (1946). Analiza también la función crítica que las estadísticas laborales tuvieron en las primeras formulaciones del sistema de seguridad social colombiano y en la delimitación de las enfermedades profesionales. Estos procesos históricos se estudiaron según su inserción en el contexto internacional.

This article examines the application of tuberculosis statistics in the Colombian medical discourse, the gap between these statistics and data officially published, as well as the relationship between the quantitative dynamics, the anti-tuberculosis campaign and the objectivation of tuberculosis in labor world in Colombia over the period ranging from the beginning of the campaign (1916) to the inclusion of tuberculosis in the list of professional diseases (1946). It also analyzes the critical role that labor statistics played in the first developments of the Colombian social security system and in the definition of professional diseases. These historical processes were studied according to its insertion in the international context.

Políticas sanitarias locales puestas a prueba: consultores, expertos, misiones internacionales y poliomielitis en España, 1950-1975 / Local health policies under the microscope: consultants, experts, international missions and poliomyelitis in Spain, 1950-1975

Este trabajo analisa las misiones de expertos de organismos sanitarios internacionales en España destinadas a informar sobre la situación, las actividades realizadas y las intervenciones necesarias en la lucha contra la discapacidad física de los niños. El Plan España-23 fue el instrumento utilizado por la OMS y otras agencias para poner en marcha el proceso de cambio en un país en transformación durante la larga etapa de vigencia de la dictadura franquista. El trabajo utiliza como fuentes informes inéditos de expertos de la OMS, que fueron resultado de visitas realizadas al país entre 1950 y 1975. El abordaje metodológico consistió en un análisis del discurso que se encuentra en las fuentes y su contextualización en los marcos historiográficos pertinentes.

One of the main focuses of analysis of this paper concerns the missions of international health agency experts to Spain to report on the situation, the activities in the fight against physical disabilities in children and on the actions taken to cope with the problem. The Spain-23 Plan was the instrument used by WHO and other agencies to start the process of change in a country undergoing a period of transformation under the enduring Franco dictatorship. As key sources, the paper uses unpublished reports of WHO experts on the subject, which resulted from visits to the country between 1950 and 1975. The methodological approach consists of an analysis of discourses from primary sources within the historiographical framework.

Geografia, saúde e desenvolvimento urbano no interior paulista na passagem para o século XX: Domingos Jaguaribe e a construção da Estância Climática de Campos do Jordão / Geography, health and urban development in São Paulo state at the turn of the twentieth century: Domingos Jaguaribe and the construction of the Climate Resort of Campos do Jordão

As cidades-estância instituídas no início do século XX são objetos privilegiados para estudar a relação entre as políticas de saúde pública e o desenvolvimento urbano e social. Este artigo analisa, a partir da produção e trajetória do médico, geógrafo e empreendedor Domingos Nogueira Jaguaribe Filho, os vetores social e institucional envolvidos na criação da cidade-estância de Campos do Jordão. Estudos geográficos, conhecimento médico e preceitos de urbanização se aliaram a interesse privados e desenvolvimentistas na construção simbólica e concreta da “Suíça brasileira”.

The resort towns created in the early 1900s are prime objects for studying the relationship between public health policies and urban and social development. This article analyzes the social and institutional vectors involved in the creation of the resort town of Campos do Jordão from the perspective of the career and works of physician, geographer and businessman Domingos Nogueira Jaguaribe Filho. Geographical studies, medical knowledge and the precepts of urbanization combined with private and development interests in the symbolism and concrete manifestation of the “Brazilian Switzerland”.

Em diferentes escalas: a arquitetura do Hospital-Colonia Rovisco Pais sob o olhar do medico Fernando Bissaya Barreto / On different scales: the architecture of Hospital-Colonia Rovisco Pais from the perspective of doctor Fernando Bissaya Barreto

Em 1938, o médico português Fernando Bissaya Barreto promoveu a construção de um 'internato de leprosos' no centro de Portugal, afastado dos grandes centros populacionais, mas de fácil acesso a todo o país. Inaugurado em 1947, o Hospital-Colônia Rovisco Pais segue o modelo de um hospital-asilo-colônia, sendo simetricamente segmentado por pavilhões iguais em número e características para os dois sexos. Seguindo uma lógica disciplinar e não de exclusão, o plano urbanístico, o desenho dos edifícios e o próprio mobiliário e decoração são configurados, sob a influência direta de Bissaya Barreto, como instrumentos de intervenção sobre o corpo físico e moral dos doentes de Hansen, mas também, e em outra escala, de controle e modificação da sociedade portuguesa no seu conjunto.

In 1938, Portuguese physician Fernando Bissaya Barreto spearheaded the creation of a 'nursing home for lepers' in the center of Portugal, away from big towns and cities, but still accessible from any part of the country. Opened in 1947, Hospital-Colônia Rovisco Pais followed the model of a colony/hospital/hospice, and was divided symmetrically into buildings of equal features and numbers for both sexes. According to a disciplinary, non-exclusionary rationale, the urban design, building design and furniture and fittings were conceived, under the direct influence of Bissaya Barreto, as instruments for intervention in the physical and moral bodies of the patients, and also, on a different scale, for the control and modification of Portuguese society as a whole.

La mortalidad por tuberculosis en Argentina a lo largo del siglo XX / Tuberculosis mortality in Argentina during the twentieth century

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis de la curva de mortalidad por tuberculosis en Argentina a lo largo del siglo XX, desde 1911 hasta 2007. A partir de los datos obtenidos de diversas fuentes de carácter oficial se marcan las etapas históricas de dicha mortalidad, generando dentro de éstas subperíodos, a fin de entender el comportamiento de la mortalidad por tuberculosis, dependiendo del momento histórico. De esta forma, se vincula el desarrollo de la enfermedad con los dispositivos que se generaron para combatirla. Se realiza un análisis del comportamiento de la mortalidad por regiones del país, partiendo del supuesto que el desarrollo de la misma fue diferente según condiciones económicas y sociales y desarrollo sanitario.

The aim of this article is to provide an analysis of the mortality curve for tuberculosis in Argentina throughout the twentieth century, from 1911 to 2007. Using data from various official sources, the mortality rate is divided into historical phases and sub-periods, in order to show how the behavior of tuberculosis mortality depended on the historical moment. Thus, the progress of the disease is linked to the methods that were developed to combat it. The fluctuations in mortality are analyzed by regions of the country, on the assumption that mortality varied according to economic and social conditions and the development of healthcare.

A pandemia de influenza espanhola (1918) em Florianópolis, santa Catarina, Brasil / The spanish flu pandemic (1918) in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Objetivo: resgatar informações históricas sobre a influenza espanhola de 1918 na Capital de Santa Catarina, compreendendo o contexto sanitário/social da época e a importância da pandemia para a população de Florianópolis. Método: pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, Medline e outras. Como fontes primárias de pesquisa: Jornais de Florianópolis e Relatórios da Inspetoria de Higiene de Santa Catarina. Ainda, foram levantados os óbitos do Cartório de Registro Civil de Florianópolis e das internações no Imperial Hospital de Caridade, ambos na época. Resultados: não foram encontrados livros editados ou artigos publicados em revistas científicas; apenas três trabalhos de conclusão de curso de graduação e uma tese de doutorado, todos em história, abordam aspectos específicos. As fontes de maior informação foram os jornais e o relatório do Serviço de Higiene referente a 1918. Pelo registro oficial de óbitos comprovou-se a existência de 81 óbitos pela influenza espanhola, com 65 deles ocorrendo no mês de novembro; pelo Relatório Oficial, foram infectadas cerca de 10 mil pessoas e 124 faleceram (0,12%). Conclusões: apesar das escassas fontes de informação, às vezes contraditórias, a pandemia chegou pelo porto de Florianópolis em 6 de outubro, disseminou-se rapidamente e permaneceu dois meses, sendo novembro o mês do pico epidêmico; infectou pelo menos 30% da população, causou muito medo e pânico, alterou de forma importante a vida das pessoas e ceifou, no mínimo, uma centena de vidas. Face a importância atual das pandemias por influenza, recomendam-se novos estudos sobre esta misteriosa pandemia.

Background: rescue historical information about 1918?s Spanish influenza in Santa Catarina?s capital, embracing its sanitary / social context and the pandemic?s magnitude over Florianopolis population. Methods: literature search in SciELO, PubMed, Medline and others databases. As primary research sources: Florianopolis newspapers?s and its Hygiene Service Report. Moreover, the deaths were collected from Florianópolis?s Civil Registry and hospitalizations in Imperial Charity Hospital, both by that period. Results: it weren?t found any published books or scientific journals articles?s; only three completing undergraduate degree final studies?s and a doctoral thesis, which take part on specific issues, all of them on history subject. The greatest sources of information were newspapers and Hygiene Service report relating to 1918. According to the official deaths record, there existed 81 deaths caused by Spanish influenza, of which 65 occurred by November. The Official Report points to approximately 10 thousand infected people with 124 (1.2%) died. Conclusions: despite the few information sources, sometimes contradictory, the pandemic arrived through Florianopolis?s harbor, by October 6th, spread quickly and stayed two months, which of November were the epidemic peak; infected at least 30% of the population, caused a lot of fear and panic, significantly changed people?s lives and killed at least a hundred of them. In view of the current importance of influenza pandemics, its recommended further investigation about this mysterious pandemic.

ESEF 70 Anos: o processo de federalização sob o olhar discente / ESEF 70 Years: The process of federalization under the student's view / ESEF 70 Años: el proceso de federalización bajo la mirada discente

Este artigo analisa o processo de federalização da Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul sob o olhar dos discentes que se graduaram em 1970 na primeira turma formada sob o regime federal de ensino. Fundamentada no aporte teórico da História Cultural analisamos aspectos relacionados ao envolvimento político dos alunos nesse processo bem como aspectos relacionados a estrutura e funcionamento da Escola como um todo. Para tanto, recorremos a História Oral entrevistando discentes e docentes do período bem como analisamos fontes de diversa natureza tais como documentos, atas de reuniões, livros, reportagens de jornal, fotografia entre outras. Da análise realizada apreendemos que esta turma vivenciou a federalização de modo muito peculiar: por dentro do processo, mas, em certa medida, muito afastada dele

This paper analyzes the process of federalization of the School of Physical Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul under the eyes of students who graduated in 1970 in the first group formed under the federal system of education. Based on the theoretical support of Cultural History, we reviewed issues related to political involvement of students in this process and aspects of the structure and functioning of the school as a whole. To this end, we resorted to Oral History, interviewing students and teachers of the period, and analyzed sources of various kinds such as documents, minutes of meetings, books, newspaper reports, photographs, and more. Based on the analysis, we noted that this class has experienced federalization in a very peculiar way: within the process, but to some extent, far away from it

Este artículo analiza el proceso de federalización de la Escuela de Educación Física de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul bajo la mirada de los discentes que se graduaron en 1970 en la primera promoción formada bajo el régimen federal de enseñanza. Fundamentada con el aporte teórico de la Historia Cultural analizamos aspectos relacionados al compromiso político de los alumnos en ese proceso así como también aspectos relacionados a la estructura y funcionamiento de la Escuela como un todo. Para esto, recorremos la Historia Oral entrevistando discentes y docentes del periodo así como también analizamos fuentes de diversa naturaleza tales como documentos, actas de reuniones, libros, reportajes de periódicos, fotografías, entre otras. Del análisis realizado aprendemos que esta promoción vivió la federalización de modo muy particular: por dentro del proceso, pero, en cierta medida, muy alejada de é